The mechanism of coking pressure generation I: Effect of high volatile matter coking coal, semi-anthracite and coke breeze on coking pressure and plastic coal layer permeability

One of the most important aspects of the cokemaking process is to control and restrain the coking pressure since excessive coking pressure tends to lead to operational problems and oven wall damage. Therefore, in order to understand the mechanism of coking pressure generation, the permeability of the plastic coal layer and the coking pressure for the same single coal and the same blended coal were measured and the relationship between them was investigated. Then the ‘inert’ (pressure modifier) effect of organic additives such as high volatile matter coking coal, semi-anthracite and coke breeze was studied. The coking pressure peak for box charging with more uniform bulk density distribution was higher than that for top charging. It was found that the coking pressure peaks measured at different institutions (NSC and BHPBilliton) by box charging are nearly the same. The addition of high volatile matter coking coal, semi-anthracite and coke breeze to a low volatile matter, high coking pressure coal greatly increased the plastic layer permeability in laboratory experiments and correspondingly decreased the coking pressure. It was found that, high volatile matter coking coal decreases the coking pressure more than semi-anthracite at the same plastic coal layer permeability, which indicates that the coking pressure depends not only on plastic coal layer permeability but also on other factors. Coking pressure is also affected by the contraction behavior of the coke layer near the oven walls and a large contraction decreases the coal bulk density in the oven center and hence the internal gas pressure in the plastic layer. The effect of contraction on coking pressure needs to be investigated further.     

The mechanism of coking pressure generation II: Effect of high volatile matter coking coal, semi-anthracite and coke breeze on coking pressure and contraction

One of the most important aspects of the cokemaking process is to control and limit the coking pressure since excessive coking pressure can lead to operational problems and oven wall damage. Following on from a previous paper on plastic layer permeability we have studied the effect of contraction of semi-coke on coking pressure and the effect of organic additives on contraction. A link between contraction (or simulated contraction) outside the plastic layer and coking pressure was demonstrated. The interaction between this contraction, local bulk density around the plastic layer and the dependence of the permeability of the plastic layer on bulk density was discussed as possible mechanisms for the generation of coking pressure. The effect of blending either a high volatile matter coal or one of two semi-anthracites with low volatile matter, high coking pressure coals on the coking pressure of the binary blends has been explained using this mechanism.     

野外试验场浅层水文地质调查

现有资料的基础上，通过区域水文地质调研，试验场浅部含水层水文地质钻探试验，地下水水位动态观测和地下水水化学成分分析，给出了本院野外试验场浅水层的分布状况，包括各含水层的埋深，厚度，固相介质组成及相应的地下水动力学参数，地下水流向与水力坡度及地下水水化学特征。     

Hydrogen concentration in water from an Alkali–Ion–Water electrolyzer having a platinum-electroplated titanium electrode

The supersaturated concentration of hydrogen in electrolyzed water obtained from a flow-type electrolytic cell was studied under various electrolysis conditions. The degree of supersaturation was found to decrease as the solution supply rate to the cell increased. The ratio of observed hydrogen concentration to the theoretical hydrogen concentration obtained from the electrochemical equivalent, as calculated from the transfer of charge in the cell, was found to increase with the solution supply rate. The concentration of hydrogen in solution has a maximum at a current density of approximately 0.3 A dm^–2. This maximum was found to be independent of the flow rate, indicating that the hydrogen concentration is related to both the diffusion of dissolved hydrogen from the electrode surface to the bulk solution and hydrogen bubble growth.     

Effect of hydrogen on dislocation structures around a mixed-mode fatigue crack tip in a single-crystalline iron–silicon alloy

The effect of hydrogen on dislocation structures around a mixed-mode fatigue crack tip in a single-crystalline iron–silicon alloy was investigated by cross-sectional electron backscatter diffraction and high-voltage electron microscopy. In contrast to the previously reported results in an inert environment, no dislocation cells were formed around the crack tip in a hydrogen environment. The microscopic features around the crack tip suggest that hydrogen promotes a mode I-type crack growth mechanism, which reasonably explains the observed macroscopic crack growth property.     

Distributed parameter modeling and finite-frequency loop-shaping of electromagnetic molding machine

We derive a mathematical model for an electromagnet inside a molding machine, and propose a novel loop-shaping method of the proportional–integral (PI) controller design for the system based on the generalized KYP (GKYP) lemma. The behavior of the molding machine is difficult to capture by using finite-dimensional models owing to eddy currents spatially distributed throughout the electromagnet. To analyze fundamental properties of the system both theoretically and experimentally, we first derive a mathematical model of the machine in terms of a partial differential equation (PDE). An analysis using the PDE model shows that a low-dimensional approximation performed by standard spatial discretization results in a spillover effect, which makes the behavior of the closed-loop system oscillatory. Then, to develop an easily tunable and implementable control system, we propose a novel loop-shaping method for PI control on the basis of the GKYP lemma. In this control system design, we use multiple low-dimensional models, which work simultaneously in specified finite frequency ranges. The proposed method successfully suppresses the spillover effect despite the use of low-dimensional approximants. Finally, we show the efficiency of the proposed control design method through numerical and experimental verification and discuss a performance limitation of the PI control.     

黄土包气带水分运移的现场研究

本文主要介绍在核素迁移试验现场进行的黄土包气带水分运移研究的方法和主要结果.包气带水分运移试验场建有一座9.0m深的负压计观测竖井和二个28.0m深的中子仪测管.分别采用WM-1型负压计系统和IHiii型土壤中子水分仪测量黄土剖面的基质势和含水量.一组负压计和中子仪测管在天然条件下测量,连续观测2年多,用于水分运移特征研究;另一组测量停止淹灌后的水分再分配过程,连续观测7个月,用于非饱和渗透系数测定.结果表明: (1)降雨入渗主要影响深度、蒸发影响深度在1.0m以上; (2)水分运移可分为4个带:1.0m深度以上为强交替带,含水量、水势和水势梯度随时间变化快、变幅大,液态水的运移比较明显;1.0～7.2m深度上为含水量和水势随时间变化小的弱交替带,除黄土颗粒大小变化较大的深度处,一般来说,水势梯度方向单向向下,其中:含水量和水势在1.0～1.6m深度上随时间变化较大,液态水的运移也比较明显;在5.0～7.2m深度上,水分变化很小,基本趋于稳定状态,液态水的运移很不明显,微弱的热水汽扩散显现出来;在7.2～23.0m深度上,含水量除在黄土-古土壤-钙质结核层组合交界处有变化外,其余则基本保持与黄土颗粒大小变化相对应的稳定状态,为水分运移的传递带;23.0～28.0m深度上为毛管水带; (3)在0.4～2.4m深度上,当体积含水量θ为0.18～0.41时,非饱和渗透系数K(cm/d)为3.6×10-3～23.4,拟合得到K与θ的经验关系式:K＝2.81×105θ10.51,它可适用于含水量在此范围内的马兰黄土上段; (4)在水分运移的基本稳定带(5.0～7.2m深度),应用达西方程并采取年平均方法,估算得到年降雨入渗补给量不到1cm; (5)在半干旱黄土地区,热水汽的扩散也可能是地下水的一种补给方式.